Document Type : Review Article
Authors
1
Department of Supply and Stores, Medical Services sector, Police Academy Hospital Cairo, Egypt
2
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, 11566 Cairo, Egypt
3
Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
Abstract
Testicular function is essential for male reproductive health, and its impairment due to radiation exposure can result in significant physical, emotional, and psychological consequences, including infertility, hormonal imbalances, and reduced quality of life. Radiation-induced damage to the testes, particularly during spermatogenesis, is influenced by factors such as radiation type, dose, fractionation, age, and genetic predisposition. Radiation can damage testicular tissue through direct mechanisms, like DNA strand breaks, and indirect mechanisms, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy. Key signaling pathways such as NF-κB and JAK/STAT, along with inflammatory mediators like interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β, are critically involved in driving the radiation-induced inflammatory response and associated cellular damage. To protect testicular function, both non-pharmacological and pharmacological strategies have been explored. Non-pharmacological approaches, such as testicular shielding, transposition, and cryopreservation, aim to minimize exposure and preserve fertility. Pharmacological interventions, including antioxidants and hormonal therapies, have been studied for their potential to protect against radiation-induced damage. These strategies provide hope for preserving testicular function and fertility in individuals undergoing radiation therapy, mitigating long-term damage, and improving their overall quality of life.
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