Document Type : Review Article
Authors
1
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University, New Damietta 34518, Egypt
2
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
3
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
4
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba L. is one of the world's most famous medicinal herbs, it has been used for centuries for treating many diseases. This review article aims to provide an updated overview of the reported active constituents in Ginkgo biloba and its biological activities. G. biloba has existed for 2,000 years and is known as a "living fossil". Its native environment is China, Korea, and Japan. Numerous secondary metabolites, containing terpenoids, allyl phenols, and polyphenols have been identified in G. biloba. However, it is believed that flavonoids and terpene trilactones are the essential bioactive ingredients. G. biloba leaf extract is recognized as the most commonly sold phytomedicine in Europe. G. biloba extract is used to treat the symptoms of peripheral claudication, early-stage Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and tinnitus of vascular basis. Additionally, G. biloba extract is extensively used to protect from and/or cure cardiovascular disorders, and numerous substances produced from Ginkgo are presently undergoing preclinical and clinical trials across the globe. The structures and bioactivities of the secondary metabolites of G. biloba are described in this review article, along with an overview of the pharmacological significance of the Ginkgo biloba plant.
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