Document Type : Review Article
Authors
1
Microbiology and Immunology department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University
2
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Al Khalifa Al Maamoun St., Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt. P.O.B: 11566
3
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Al Khalifa Al Maamoun St., Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt. P.O.B: 11566, = Ras‑Sedr, Egypt
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the most important nosocomial pathogens that has been declared by The World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the most serious of the ESKAPE organisms (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter cloacae) that effectively escape the effects of antibacterial agents, it was responsible for approximately 20% of infections worldwide such as meningitis, pneumonia, urinary tract, septicemia, wound infections and during the COVID-19 pandemic, co-infection with A. baumannii secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infections has been reported multiple times in medical publications. A wide range of virulence factors including outer membrane proteins, lipopolysaccharide, capsule, phospholipase, nutrient- acquisition systems, efflux pumps, protein secretion systems, quorum sensing and biofilm production are responsible for pathogenesis and high mortality of A. baumannii. Current efforts focus on addressing all the antimicrobial resistance mechanisms described in A. baumannii, virulence factors of A. baumannii and the most promising novel therapeutic strategies. These strategies include drug repurposing, novel antibiotics, bacteriophage therapy, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), human monoclonal antibodies (Hu-mAbs), nanoparticles and gene editing in an attempt to help the scientific research society.
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